In light of public health concerns regarding the coronavirus pandemic and to support the well-being of our shareholders and communities, Putnam Investments announced today that the Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "Meeting") for each of the Putnam closed-end funds listed below (each, a "Fund") will be conducted solely by means of remote communication at its previously appointed time of Friday, April 24, 2020 at 11:00 a.m. ET. Shareholders will not be able to attend their Fund’s Meeting in person.