hD

Balance Sheet Summary

China Distance Education Holdings (DL) annual balance sheet covering fiscal 2012 through 2017, as reported to the SEC.

  • China Distance Education Holdings had total assets of $224.55M and total liabilities of $151.74M as of September 30, 2017. That leaves shareholders' equity of $72.81M.
  • Total assets were up 50.8% from $148.92M in fiscal 2016.
  • Total current assets of $119.83M were 0.9 times total current liabilities of $128.71M.
  • Cash and cash equivalents were $60.53M, up 12.8% from $53.68M. That is 27% of total assets.
  • China Distance Education Holdings has built up retained earnings of $33.04M.

Total assets have grown 20.1% a year on average since fiscal 2012, from $89.99M to $224.55M.

A balance sheet shows what a company owns and what it owes on a single date. The difference between the two belongs to shareholders.

Figures in USD thousands
Sep'17Sep'16Sep'15Sep'14Sep'13Sep'12
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents

60,526

53,677

117,899

118,075

71,919

49,723

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Cash and cash equivalents

60,526

53,677

117,899

118,075

71,919

49,723

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Term deposits

-

-

4,720

5,702

817

7,956

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Term deposits

-

-

4,720

5,702

817

7,956

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Restricted cash

34,855

15,547

16,312

16,637

6

6

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Restricted cash

34,855

15,547

16,312

16,637

6

6

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Short-term investments

5,261

1,278

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Short-term investments

5,261

1,278

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of US$661 and US$1,191 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively

5,525

5,454

2,800

1,637

3,518

4,081

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of US$661 and US$1,191 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively

5,525

5,454

2,800

1,637

3,518

4,081

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Inventories

864

971

871

449

698

658

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Inventories

864

971

871

449

698

658

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Prepayment and other current assets

10,439

5,893

4,853

3,749

4,087

3,573

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Prepayment and other current assets

10,439

5,893

4,853

3,749

4,087

3,573

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Amount due from a related party

-

208

103

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Amount due from a related party

-

208

103

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax assets, current portion

1,654

1,676

1,508

2,116

1,751

1,856

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax assets, current portion

1,654

1,676

1,508

2,116

1,751

1,856

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax assets, current portion

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax assets, current portion

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred cost

711

1,118

1,163

1,248

1,889

1,795

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred cost

711

1,118

1,163

1,248

1,889

1,795

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Current assets of discontinued operations

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Current assets of discontinued operations

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total current assets

119,835

85,822

150,229

149,613

84,685

69,648

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total current assets

119,835

85,822

150,229

149,613

84,685

69,648

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment, net

14,022

13,908

12,916

10,721

10,202

9,676

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Property, plant and equipment, net

14,022

13,908

12,916

10,721

10,202

9,676

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Goodwill

29,459

29,392

7,429

7,689

7,711

7,511

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Goodwill

29,459

29,392

7,429

7,689

7,711

7,511

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Other intangible assets, net

9,947

11,675

1,078

1,384

1,476

1,929

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Other intangible assets, net

9,947

11,675

1,078

1,384

1,476

1,929

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Purchased call options

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Purchased call options

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deposit for purchase of non-current assets

641

1,116

93

94

374

131

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deposit for purchase of non-current assets

641

1,116

93

94

374

131

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Long-term investments

43,631

3,079

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Long-term investments

43,631

3,079

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax assets, non-current portion

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax assets, non-current portion

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax assets, non-current portion

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax assets, non-current portion

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Other non-current assets

7,016

3,928

2,375

2,128

1,546

1,091

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Other non-current assets

7,016

3,928

2,375

2,128

1,546

1,091

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Long-term assets of discontinued operations

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Long-term assets of discontinued operations

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total non-current assets

104,716

63,098

23,891

22,016

21,309

20,338

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total non-current assets

104,716

63,098

23,891

22,016

21,309

20,338

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total assets

224,551

148,920

174,120

171,629

105,994

89,986

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total assets

224,551

148,920

174,120

171,629

105,994

89,986

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities
Bank borrowing

29,965

15,551

16,467

16,583

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Bank borrowing

29,965

15,551

16,467

16,583

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Accrued expenses and other liabilities (including accrued expenses and other liabilities of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$26,279 and US$31,684 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

38,767

30,564

25,993

22,695

15,072

9,636

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Accrued expenses and other liabilities (including accrued expenses and other liabilities of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$26,279 and US$31,684 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

38,767

30,564

25,993

22,695

15,072

9,636

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Amount due to a related party

1,648

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Amount due to a related party

1,648

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Accrued expenses and other liabilities (including accrued expenses and other liabilities of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$3,174 and US$5,738 as of September 30, 2010 and September 30, 2011, respectively)

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Accrued expenses and other liabilities (including accrued expenses and other liabilities of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$3,174 and US$5,738 as of September 30, 2010 and September 30, 2011, respectively)

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Income tax payable (including income tax payable of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$3,353 and US$3,641 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

6,750

5,308

4,453

4,209

4,282

2,627

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Income tax payable (including income tax payable of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$3,353 and US$3,641 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

6,750

5,308

4,453

4,209

4,282

2,627

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred revenue (including deferred revenue of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$35,437 and US$49,575 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

50,506

36,332

29,563

23,423

17,143

9,450

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred revenue (including deferred revenue of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$35,437 and US$49,575 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

50,506

36,332

29,563

23,423

17,143

9,450

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Refundable fees (including refundable fees of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$862 and US$1,074 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

1,074

862

5,245

5,199

4,300

3,524

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Refundable fees (including refundable fees of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$862 and US$1,074 as of September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

1,074

862

5,245

5,199

4,300

3,524

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Current liabilities of discontinued operations (including current liabilities of discontinued operations of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$1,860 and nil as of September 30, 2011 and 2012, respectively)

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Current liabilities of discontinued operations (including current liabilities of discontinued operations of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$1,860 and nil as of September 30, 2011 and 2012, respectively)

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total current liabilities

128,710

88,617

81,721

72,109

40,797

25,237

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total current liabilities

128,710

88,617

81,721

72,109

40,797

25,237

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Non-current liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities, non-current portion

3,099

3,831

1,590

1,110

677

132

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Deferred tax liabilities, non-current portion

3,099

3,831

1,590

1,110

677

132

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Long-term bank borrowing

19,930

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Long-term bank borrowing

19,930

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Non-current liabilities of discontinued operations (including non-current liabilities of discontinued operations of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$136 and nil as of September 30, 2010 and September 30, 2011, respectively)

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Non-current liabilities of discontinued operations (including non-current liabilities of discontinued operations of the consolidated VIE without recourse to China Distance Education Holdings Limited of US$136 and nil as of September 30, 2010 and September 30, 2011, respectively)

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total non-current liabilities

23,029

3,831

1,590

1,110

677

132

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total non-current liabilities

23,029

3,831

1,590

1,110

677

132

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total liabilities

151,739

92,448

83,311

73,219

41,474

25,369

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total liabilities

151,739

92,448

83,311

73,219

41,474

25,369

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Commitments and contingencies (Note 21)

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Commitments and contingencies (Note 21)

-

-

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Equity
Ordinary shares (par value of US$0.0001 per share; 500,000,000 and 500,000,000 shares authorized; 131,729,773 and 131,854,773 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

13

13

14

14

14

13

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Ordinary shares (par value of US$0.0001 per share; 500,000,000 and 500,000,000 shares authorized; 131,729,773 and 131,854,773 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively)

13

13

14

14

14

13

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Additional paid-in capital

19,097

15,697

55,598

77,270

46,742

61,777

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Additional paid-in capital

19,097

15,697

55,598

77,270

46,742

61,777

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

-3,367

-3,418

2,735

6,220

6,295

4,922

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

-3,367

-3,418

2,735

6,220

6,295

4,922

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Retained earnings

33,040

32,944

32,462

14,906

11,469

-2,095

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Retained earnings

33,040

32,944

32,462

14,906

11,469

-2,095

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total China Distance Education Holdings Limited shareholder's equity

48,783

45,236

90,809

-

-

64,617

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total China Distance Education Holdings Limited shareholder's equity

48,783

45,236

90,809

-

-

64,617

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Noncontrolling interests (Note 22)

24,029

11,236

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Noncontrolling interests (Note 22)

24,029

11,236

-

-

-

-

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total equity

72,812

56,472

90,809

98,410

64,520

64,617

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total equity

72,812

56,472

90,809

98,410

64,520

64,617

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total liabilities and equity

224,551

148,920

174,120

171,629

105,994

89,986

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

Total liabilities and equity

224,551

148,920

174,120

171,629

105,994

89,986

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx